* Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are the most common causes of chronic renal failure.

* Primary kidney disorders, such as acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and kidney infection, may lead to chronic renal failure (see specific disorders for more information).

* High blood pressure can both cause and be caused by progressive damage to the kidneys.

* Tumors, kidney stones, or an enlarged prostate gland may obstruct the urinary tract, impair the flow of urine, and thus damage the kidneys.

* Long-term use of large doses of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or naproxen, may lead to chronic renal failure.

* Poisoning with heavy metals like cadmium, lead, mercury, or gold may lead to kidney failure.

* Certain antibiotics (like streptomycin), antifungal drugs, and immunosuppressants may damage the kidney and lead to kidney failure.

* The contrast substances used in some x-ray procedures may induce kidney failure in those with weakened kidneys.

* Kidneys damaged by any disorder are more prone to chronic infection.

* Hypercalcemia (excess blood levels of calcium, from hyperthyroidism for example) and elevated levels of uric acid may lead to chronic renal failure.

* Those who have had one kidney removed are more vulnerable to severe complications from kidney damage.